From: Hunger and associated harms among injection drug users in an urban Canadian setting
Characteristics | Yes 65 (%) N = 681 | No 35 (%) N = 372 | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Chi-Square†, ‡ | p - value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Socio-demographic | |||||
Age | |||||
Median (IQR) | 41.1 (34.5-46.7) | 42.8 (35.9-49.4) | 0.98 (0.97, 0.99) | 7.75 | 0.005 |
Gender | |||||
Male | 455 (66.81%) | 245 (65.86%) | 1.04 (0.80,1.36) | 0.10 | 0.754 |
Female | 226 (33.19%) | 127 (34.12%) | |||
Aboriginal identity | |||||
Yes | 189 (27.75%) | 118 (31.72%) | 0.83 (0.63, 1.09) | 1.83 | 0.176 |
No | 492 (72.25%) | 254 (68.28%) | |||
DTES Residency | |||||
Yes | 496 (72.83%) | 210 (56.45%) | 2.07 (1.59, 2.70) | 29.22 | < 0.001 |
No | 185 (27.17%) | 162 (43.55%) | |||
Unstable housing | |||||
Yes | 504 (74.01%) | 207 (55.65%) | 2.27 (1.74, 2.96) | 36.99 | < 0.0001 |
No | 177 (25.99%) | 165 (44.35%) | |||
Education status | |||||
High school or greater | 345 (50.66%) | 205 (55.11) | 0.84 (0.65, 1.08) | 1.91 | 0.167 |
Other | 336 (49.34%) | 167 (44.89%) | |||
Money spent on drugs per day | |||||
≥ $50 | 422 (61.97%) | 167 (44.89%) | 2.00 (1.55, 2.58) | 28.46 | < 0.001 |
< $50 | 259 (38.03%) | 205 (55.11%) | |||
Incarceration ** | |||||
Yes | 138 (20.26%) | 54 (14.52%) | 1.50 (1.06, 2.11) | 5.33 | 0.021 |
No | 543 (79.74%) | 318 (85.48%) | |||
Clinical | |||||
Symptoms of depression * | |||||
≥ 16 CES-D | 456 (66.96%) | 159 (42.74%) | 3.73 (2.80, 4.98) | 88.19 | < 0.001 |
< 16 CES-D | 136 (19.97%) | 177 (47.48%) | |||
Drug Use | |||||
Daily injection heroin** | |||||
Yes | 240 (35.24%) | 88 (23.66%) | 1.76 (1.32, 2.34) | 15.06 | < 0.001 |
No | 441 (64.76%) | 284 (76.34%) | |||
Daily non-injection crack/rock ** | |||||
Yes | 321 (47.14%) | 111 (29.84%) | 2.10 (1.60, 2.74) | 29.75 | < 0.001 |
No | 360 (52.86%) | 261 (70.16%) | |||
Daily injection cocaine** | |||||
Yes | 69 (10.13%) | 28 (7.53%) | 1.39 (0.88, 2.19) | 1.95 | 0.162 |
No | 612 (89.87%) | 344 (92.47%) | |||
Any injection or non-injection crystal meth** | |||||
Yes | 28 (4.11%) | 9 (2.42%) | 1.73 (0.81, 3.71) | 2.03 | 0.154 |
No | 653 (95.89%) | 363 (97.58%) | |||
Any injection or non-injection drug binge** | |||||
Yes | 352 (51.69%) | 146 (39.25%) | 1.66 (1.28, 2.14) | 14.94 | 0.001 |
No | 329 (48.31%) | 226 (60.75%) | |||
Daily alcohol use | |||||
< = 4 drinks | 496 (72.83%) | 279 (75.00%) | 1.12 (0.84, 1.49) | 0.58 | 0.446 |
> 4 | 185 (27.17%) | 93 (25.00%) | |||
Difficulty accessing drug/alcohol treatment | |||||
Yes | 38 (5.58%) | 14 (3.76%) | 1.51 (0.81, 2.83) | 1.69 | 0.193 |
No | 643 (94.42%) | 358 (96.24%) |