The economic impact of alcohol consumption: a systematic review

Table 5 Total cost and share of direct cost, indirect cost and intangible cost

Country/ Study Year	Cost as % GDP (GNP)+	Total cost in study year (Billion)^a	Direct cost (%)	Indirect cost (%)	Intangible cost (%)
Australia 1988 [6]	N.I.	AUS$4.00	48%	31%	21%
Australia 1992 [6]	N.I.	AUS$4.5	45%	33%	21%
Australia 1998-9 [7]	1.98^b	AUS$7.56	50%	23%	27%
Canada 1992 [18]	1.09	CAN$7.52	45%	55%	N.A.
Canada 2002 [15]	1.1-2.7^c	CAN$14.55	51%	49%	N.A.
Ontario 1992 [20]	1.02^d	US$2.26	44%	56%	N.A.
England and Wales 2001/2 [4]	N.I.	£18.52	38%	37%	25%
Finland 1990 [26]	(3.5)	FMK 17.31	19%	81%	N.A.
France 1997 [9]	1.42	FF 115.42	50%	50%	N.A.
Germany 2002 [12]	0.93-1.16^e	Euro 19.56 - 24.40^e	35%^f	65%^f	N.A.
Japan 1987 [14]	(1.9)	¥6,637.60	20%	80%	N.A.
The Netherlands 2001 [13]	N.I.	EUR 2.58	52%	48%	N.A.
New Zealand 1991 [8]	(1.5-5.7)^g	NZ$1.04-3.98	15-33%	67-85%	N.A.
Portugal 1995 [24]	0.6	Euro 0.43	25%	75%	N.A.
Scotland 2001/2 [19]	N.I.	£1.07	42%	58%	N.A.
Sweden 2002 [11]	0.9-1.3^e	SEK 20.33-29.38^e	37%-49%^e	51%-63%^e	0%^h
South Korea 2000 [5]	2.86	WON 14,935.2	28%	72%	N.A.
Thailand 2006 [25]	1.99	Baht 156.11	4%	96%	N.A.
US 1985 [17]	1.66	US$70.34	22%	78%	N.A.
US 1990 [16]	N.I.	US$98.62	23%	77%	N.A.
US 1992 [23]	N.I.	US$148.02	28%	72%	N.A.
US 1998 [10]	N.I.	US$184.64	27%	73%	N.A.

NI: Not indicated, NA: Not applicable, a: may not equal the cost quoted in the original study due to round up, b: presented in 1988 value, c: did not include intangible costs and productivity losses in non- labour force, d: % range of % GDP in provinces, e: % of Ontario GDP, f: net cost and gross cost, g; presented in terms of lower bound and upper bound, h: in gross cost estimation, i: measured in terms of Quality-adjusted life year (QALY) loss, +: as quoted in the original study.

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