Study | Measure | Control Group | Intervention Group | Statistical Test or Model | p-value | Estimate of Effect | Direction of Effect | Overall Effect Direction |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(S2) Aldabergenov et al., 2022 [70] | Methadone-related deaths among people prescribed methadone | 44 (95% CI: 37–50)a | 55b | NR | ≥ 0.05* | NR | Favours control | Mixed |
Buprenorphine-related deaths among people prescribed buprenorphine | 2016: 1 2017: 1 2018: 1 2019: 1c | 2020: 1d | NR | NR | NR | None | ||
(S3) Amram et al., 2021 [71] | Emergency department visits related to overdose | 16e | 15f | Chi-square, McNemar’s chi-square or Fisher’s exact test | 1 | NR | Favours intervention | Positive |
Odds of emergency department visit per one-dose difference in total take-home doses after regulatory changes | NR | NR | Generalized linear model with binary logistic function | 1.73 | Adjusted OR: 0.94 (0.86–1.03) | Favours intervention | ||
(S6) Corace et al., 2022 [74] | Self-reported opioid overdose(s) with or without emergency department visit | 13%g | 16%h | Chi square test | 0.54 | χ2: 0.37 | Favours control | Negative |
(S8) Ezie et al., 2022 [76] | “Overdose”, details not specified | 2%e | 0.7%f | Chi square test | > 0.05 | NR | Favours intervention | Positive |
(S13) Gomes et al., 2022 [81] | Non-fatal opioid overdosesi among clients receiving daily methadone at baseline | 9.5% per person-yeark | 6.9%/person-yearl | Cox proportional-hazards model | < 0.05* | Weighted HR: 0.73 (95% CI: 0.56–0.96) | Favours intervention | Mixed |
Non-fatal opioid overdosesi among clients receiving 5–6 take-home doses of methadone at baseline | 1.8%/person-yeark | 1.4%/person-yearm | Cox proportional-hazards model | ≥ 0.05* | Weighted HR: 0.80 (95% CI: 0.50–1.28) | Favours intervention | ||
Fatal opioid overdosesj among clients receiving daily methadone at baseline | 0.5% per person-yeark | 0.6%/person-yearl | Cox proportional-hazards model | ≥ 0.05* | Weighted HR: 1.26 (95% CI: 0.48–3.33) | Favours control | ||
Fatal opioid overdosesj among clients receiving 5–6 take-home doses of methadone at baseline | 0.3%/person-yeark | NRm,n | Cox proportional-hazards model | ≥ 0.05* | Weighted HR: 0.48 (95% CI: 0.16–1.45) | Favours intervention | ||
Non-fatal opioid overdosesi among clients receiving daily buprenorphine/ naloxone at baseline | 3.5%/person-yeark | 6.5%/person-yearm | Cox proportional-hazards model | ≥ 0.05* | Weighted HR: 1.86 (95% CI: 0.70–4.92) | Favours control | ||
Non-fatal opioid overdosesi among clients receiving 5–6 take-home doses of buprenorphine /naloxone at baseline | 1.4%/person-yeark | 1.7%/person-yearm | Cox proportional-hazards model | ≥ 0.05* | Weighted HR: 1.23 (95% CI: 0.58–2.63) | Favours control | ||
(S17) Joseph et al., 2021 [85] | Non-fatal overdoseso | 2e | 6f | NR | NR | NR | Favours control | Mixed |
Fatal overdoseso | 1e | 0f | NR | NR | NR | Favours intervention | ||
(S26) Nguyen et al., 2021 [94] | Fatal overdosest among clients “established” in care without take-home doses at baseline | 0.5%q | 0.6%r | NR | ≥ 0.05* | NR | Favours control | Mixed |
Fatal overdosesp among clients “established” in care with take-home doses at baseline | 4.1%s | 0.8%t | NR | ≥ 0.05* | NR | Favours intervention |