Study | Measure | Control Group | Intervention Group | Statistical Test or Model | p-value | Estimate of Effect | Direction of Effect | Overall Effect Direction |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(S4) Bart et al., 2022 [72] | Urine test positive for opiates without confirmed prescription | 14%a | 22%b | NR | < 0.001 | NR | Favours control | Negative |
Urine test positive for amphetamines without confirmed prescription | 10%a | 16%b | NR | < 0.001 | NR | Favours control | ||
Urine test positive for barbiturates without confirmed prescription | 0.2%a | 0.3%b | NR | p ≥ 0.001 | NR | Favours control | ||
Urine test positive for benzodiazepines without confirmed prescription | 6.3%a | 11%b | NR | < 0.001 | NR | Favours control | ||
Urine test positive for cocaine without confirmed prescription | 11%a | 12%b | NR | p ≥ 0.001 | NR | Favours control | ||
Urine test positive for oxycodone without confirmed prescription | 2.6%a | 3.2%b | NR | p ≥ 0.001 | NR | Favours control | ||
Urine test positive for opioids (opiates or oxycodone) without confirmed prescription | NRa | NRb | Generalized linear mixed model | NR | OR: 2.34 (95% CI 1.78–3.07) | Favours control | ||
Urine test positive for non-opioids without confirmed prescription | NRa | NRb | Generalized linear mixed model | NR | OR: 2.48 (95% CI 1.89–3.25) | Favours control | ||
Proportion of drug tests positive for opioids among clients with 1–2 take-home doses/week | 0.435c | 0.202d | Generalized linear mixed model | NR | NR | Favours intervention | ||
Proportion drug tests positive for opioids among clients with 3–5 take-home doses/week | 0.187c | 0.226d | Generalized linear mixed model | NR | NR | Favours control | ||
Proportion of drug tests positive for opioids among clients with 6 take-home doses/week | 0.060c | 0.121d | Generalized linear mixed model | NR | NR | Favours control | ||
Proportion of drug tests positive for opioids among clients with > 6 take-home doses/week | 0.027c | 0.036d | Generalized linear mixed model | NR | NR | Favours control | ||
Proportion of drug tests positive for non-opioids among clients with 1–2 take-home doses/week | 0.587c | 0.398d | Generalized linear mixed model | NR | NR | Favours intervention | ||
Proportion drug tests positive for non-opioids among clients with 3–5 take-home doses/week | 0.187c | 0.377d | Generalized linear mixed model | NR | NR | Favours control | ||
Proportion of drug tests positive for non-opioids among clients with 6 take-home doses/week | 0.119c | 0.161d | Generalized linear mixed model | NR | NR | Favours control | ||
Proportion of drug tests positive for non-opioids among clients with > 6 take-home doses/week | 0.049c | 0.040d | Generalized linear mixed model | NR | NR | Favours intervention | ||
(S6) Corace et al., 2022 [74] | OAT clients reporting increase in opioid use "since COVID-19 (March 2020)" | 46%e | 28%f | NR | NR | NR | Favours intervention | Mixed |
OAT clients reporting decrease in opioid use "since COVID-19 (March 2020)" | 21%e | 14%f | NR | NR | NR | Favours control | ||
(S8) Ezie et al., 2022 [76] | Urine drug screens positive for opiates | 39%a | 36%b | Multiple logistic regression | > 0.05 | Adjustedg OR: 0.82 (0.34–1.98) | Favours intervention | Positive |
Urine drug screens positive for any non-prescribed substance other than cannabis | 45%a | 40%b | Multiple logistic regression | > 0.05 | Adjustedg OR: 0.61 (0.25–1.48) | Favours intervention | ||
(S15) Hoffman et al., 2022 [83] | Random monthly urine drug tests positive for opioids among clients in treatment for < 90 days | 38% (SD 0.43)a | 33% (SD 0.42)b | Wilcoxon rank sum test, Pearson's Chi-squared test | 0.6 | NR | Favours intervention | Positive |
Random monthly urine drug tests positive for opioids among clients in treatment for 90–180 days | 19% (SD 0.34)a | 33% (SD 0.43)b | Wilcoxon rank sum test, Pearson's Chi-squared test | 0.041 | NR | Favours control | ||
Random monthly urine drug tests positive for opioids among clients in treatment for > 180 days | 23% (SD 0.33)a | 20% (SD 0.32)b | Wilcoxon rank sum test, Pearson's Chi-squared test | 0.12 | NR | Favours intervention | ||
Expected change in random monthly urine drug test positivity per percentage point in take-home dosing above expectedh | NR | NR | Linear regression | 0.005 | Slope: -0.12 (95% CI -0.21, -0.04) | Favours intervention | ||
(S22) Lintzeris et al., 2022 [90] | Any self-reported cannabis use | 33%a | 38%n | McNemar test | 0.028 | χ2: 4.817 | Favours control | Positive |
Any self-reported benzodiazepine use | 28%a | 22%n | McNemar test | 0.014 | χ2: 6.017 | Favours intervention | ||
Any self-reported stimulant use | 20%a | 16%n | McNemar test | 0.120 | NR | Favours intervention | ||
Any self-reported opioid use | 30%a | 24%n | McNemar test | 0.033 | χ2: 4.563 | Favours intervention | ||
Any self-reported injection drug use | 29%a | 22%n | McNemar test | 0.077 | NR | Favours intervention | ||
Average days used among clients self-reporting cannabis use | Mean: 18.1 (SD 10.8) Median: 21a | Mean 18.0 (SD 11.0), Median 26b | Wilcoxon signed-rank test | 0.020 | Z: -2.331 | Favours control | ||
Average days used among clients self-reporting benzodiazepine use | Mean: 14.6 (SD 11.7) Median: 12a | Mean: 16.9 (SD 11.4) Median: 20b | Wilcoxon signed-rank test | NR | NR | Favours control | ||
Average days used among clients self-reporting stimulant use | Mean: 6.5 (SD 8.2) Median: 3a | Mean: 5.9 (SD 7.4) Median: 3b | Wilcoxon signed-rank test | NR | NR | Favours intervention | ||
Average days used among clients self-reporting opioid use | Mean: 12.2 (SD 10.7) Median: 8a | Mean: 7.9 (SD 9.1) Median: 4b | Wilcoxon signed-rank test | 0.001 | Z: -3.445 | Favours intervention | ||
Average days used among clients self-reporting injection drug use | Mean: 10.7 (SD 10.5) Median: 5a | Mean: 8.1 (SD 8.9) Median: 4b | Wilcoxon signed-rank test | 0.010 | Z: 2.577 | Favours intervention | ||
Percentage of clients with “statistically reliable” and “clinically relevant” increase in substance use (composite measure)i | 43%j | (a) 40%k (b) 17%l | Logistic regression | (a) p ≥ 0.05* (b) p < 0.05* | Adjusted OR: (a) 0.854 (0.39–1.87) (b) 0.273 (0.10–0.77) | Favours intervention | ||
(S25) Morin et al., 2021 [93] | Routine urine drug screens positive for fentanyl | Jan: 14% Feb: 13% Mar: 14%a | Apr: 12% May: 21% Jun: 26% Jul: 29% Aug: 29% Sep: 25%b | Fractional logistic regression | NR | OR: (a) Apr. vs. Jan: 0.9 (95% CI: 0.8–0.9) (b) May vs. Jan.: 1.7 (95% CI: 0.5–1.89) (c) Jun. vs. Jan.: NR (d) Jul. vs. Jan: NR (e) Aug. vs. Jan: 2.6 (95% CI: 2.3–2.9) (f) Sep vs. Jan: 2.2 (95% CI: 1.9–2.6) | Favours controlm | Negative |
Routine urine drug screens positive for cocaine | Jan: 24% Feb: 24% Mar: 24%a | Apr: 23% May: 29% Jun: 28% Jul: 28% Aug: 26% Sep: 25%b | NR | NR | NR | Favours controln | ||
Routine urine drug screens positive for methamphetamine | Jan: 18% Feb: 19% Mar: 20%a | Apr: 17% May: 23% Jun: 23% Jul: 18% Aug: 17% Sep: 19%b | NR | NR | NR | Favours controln | ||
Routine urine drug screens positive for morphine | Jan: 13% Feb: 13% Mar: 13%a | Apr: 12% May: 15% Jun: 15% Jul: 15% Aug: 15% Sep: 15%b | NR | NR | NR | Favours controln | ||
Routine urine drug screens positive for oxycodone | Jan: 6% Feb: 6% Mar: 6%a | Apr: 6% May: 7% Jun: 7% Jul: 6% Aug: 6% Sep: 6%b | NR | NR | NR | Favours controln | ||
(S30) Rosic et al., 2022 [98] | Percentage of opioid-positive urine drug screens | Mean: 7.5% (SD 17.2)a | Mean: 18.1% (SD 26.5)b | Paired t-test | p < 0.001 | Risk difference: 10.56% (95% CI: 8.17–12.95) | Favours control | Mixed |
Percentage of clients with any opioid-positive urine drug screens | 73.5%a | 46.3%b | NR | NR | NR | Favours intervention | ||
(S37) Vicknasingam et al., 2021 [107] | Percentage of clients with urine toxicology tests positive for any illicit substance | Dec.: 23% Jan.: 23% Feb.: 18%a | Jun.: 24% Jul.: 19%b | NR | NR | NR | Favours controln | Negative |