Table 2 Example interview questions and domains related to the Promoting Action in Research Implementation in Health Service (PARIHS) framework
PARIHS domain | Construct | Interview questions |
|---|---|---|
Evidence: perceptions of the Intervention | Perceived benefits and disadvantages (pharmacy vs. OTP) | ♣ Do you think pharmacist-provided services for methadone treatment (e.g., dosing and dispensing take-home doses) could be important for individuals with opioid use disorder? ♣ Can you please describe what you think are the potential advantages and benefits of methadone dosing and dispensing take-home methadone doses in a community pharmacy setting? What about potential disadvantages or negative outcomes? |
Context: readiness of the context | Ability to perform | ♣ How comfortable do you think pharmacists and pharmacy staff, in general, would be with dosing and dispensing methadone for opioid use disorder? ♣ How effective do you think pharmacies could be at dosing and dispensing methadone? ♣ How comfortable do you think pharmacists and pharmacy staff, in general, are with discussing patients’ substance use and treatment? ♣ How comfortable do you think clinics would be transferring their clients’ methadone dosing and dispensing to a local community pharmacy? |
Context: readiness of the context | Intention to support PADMOUD | ♣ Do you think pharmacists and pharmacy staff in general would be supportive of methadone dosing and dispensing for opioid use disorder at a pharmacy? ♣ Do you think methadone clinic staff (e.g., doctors, counselors, and nurses) in general would be supportive of methadone dosing and dispensing for opioid use disorder at a pharmacy? ♣ How do you think health insurance payers would feel about methadone dosing and dispensing methadone for opioid disorder at a community pharmacy? ♣ Who or what would most influence your decision to provide or support methadone dosing at a pharmacy? |
Facilitation: strategies to address barriers and promote implementation | Barriers, facilitators, and strategies | ♣ What factors or circumstances do you think would make it difficult or impossible for patients to receive take-home methadone doses from a pharmacy? ♣ What do you think would be the main barriers for opioid treatment program providers and clinics to implementing pharmacy-based methadone dosing and dispensing? ♣ What do you think would be the main barriers for pharmacists and pharmacies to implementing pharmacy-based methadone dosing and dispensing? ♣ What type of support do you think they would need to most effectively implement methadone dosing and dispensing at the pharmacy? ♣ What would be some good strategies for fitting methadone dosing and dispensing into the clinic’s regular workflow? |