Table 1 Characteristics of included studies
Author, Year | Population | Intervention | Comparator | Outcome | Study Design |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Andreuccetti et al., 2011 [37] | Drivers, passengers, and pedestrians aged 15 years or older | Reduction of legal BAC to 0.2 g/l in Brazil (2008) (specific alcohol policy) | Not external, pre-intervention. Legal BAC of 0.6 g/l (specific alcohol policy) | Monthly rates (per population) of crashes resulting in injuries and fatalities from 2001 to 2010 | ITS |
Assum, 2010 [38] | Drivers aged 15 years or older | Reduction of legal BAC to 0.2 g/l in Norway (2001) (specific alcohol policy) | Not external, pre-intervention. Legal BAC of 0.5 g/l (specific alcohol policy) | Annual percentages of single-vehicle, night-time, and weekend crashes resulting in injuries and fatalities from 1996 to 2005 | BA |
Bernat et al., 2004 [39] | Drivers aged 21 years or older | Reduction of legal BAC to 0.8 g/l in 19 USA jurisdictions prior to 2001 (specific alcohol policy) | Not external, pre-intervention. Legal BAC of 1.0 g/l in 17 of the 19 USA jurisdictions (specific alcohol policy) | Monthly rates (per population) of single-vehicle, night-time crashes resulting in fatalities from 2000 to 2012 | ITS |
Brubacher et al., 2017 [40] | Drivers, 29.1% aged 20–39 years, 52.0% male | Immediate roadside penalties for DUIA in B.C., Canada (2010) (specific alcohol policy) | Not external, pre-intervention. Claims for all crashes (control series). Previous administrative sanctions for DUIA (specific alcohol policy) | Monthly rates (per population) of single-vehicle, night-time crashes from 2000 to 2012 | ITS |
Colchero et al., 2020 [41] | Drivers, passengers, and pedestrians aged 15 years or older | Fixed and random sobriety checkpoints in Mexico City, Mexico (2003) (specific alcohol policy) | Not external, pre-intervention. Legal BAC of 0.4 g/l previously in place (specific alcohol policy) | Monthly rates (per population) of crashes resulting in fatalities from 1998 to 2016 | ITS |
Davenport et al., 2021 [42] | Drivers, passengers, and pedestrians aged 15 years or older | Reduction of legal BAC to zero in Uruguay (2016) (specific alcohol policy) | External. Continued legal BAC of 0.3 g/l in Chile (specific alcohol policy) | Monthly number of crashes resulting in moderate/severe injuries and fatalities at any time, night-time, and weekends from 2013 to 2017 | CITS |
Desapriya et al., 2009 [43] | Drivers, passengers, and pedestrians aged 15 years or older | Deregulation of alcohol production and sales in Japan (1994) (general alcohol policy) | Not external, pre-intervention. Tight regulation of alcohol production and sales (general alcohol policy) | Annual rates (per population) of single-vehicle, nigh-time and day-time crashes resulting in injuries and fatalities from 1985 to 2001 | BA |
Desapriya et al., 2012 [44] | Drivers, passengers, and pedestrians aged 15 years or older | Deregulation of alcohol production and sales in Japan (1994) (general alcohol policy) | Not external, pre-intervention. Tight regulation of alcohol production and sales (general alcohol policy) | Annual rates (per population) of age- and sex-specific crashes resulting in fatalities from 1985 to 2002 | BA |
French et al., 2009 [45] | Motorcyclists aged 15 years and older | Road-safety laws and specific alcohol policies (i.e., the reduction of legal BAC to 0.8 g/l, YZTL, and ALR) across the continental USA. As observed between 1990 to 2005 (gradual and heterogeneous roll-out) | Not external, pre-intervention. Alcohol policy not specified | Annual rates (per population) of crashes resulting in injuries and fatalities from 1990 to 2005 | ITS |
Han et al., 2015 [46] | Drivers, passengers, and pedestrians aged 15 years or older | Introduction of a large number of off-sale alcohol outlets in Lubbock, TX (USA) (2009) (general alcohol policy) | External. Off-sale outlets already in place in Bryan – College Station, TX (USA) (general alcohol policy) | Monthly rates (per population) of crashes and single-vehicle, night-time crashes from 2007 to 2012 | CITS |
Humphreys et al., 2020 [47] | Drivers, passengers, and pedestrians aged 15 years or older | Subsidized rideshare trips from bars and restaurants (9 PM to 2 AM) in Evesham and Voorhees, NJ, USA, between 2015 to 2018 (specific alcohol policy) | External. Non-participating municipalities in NJ, USA. Alcohol policy not specified | Annual rates (per roadway kilometers) of time of day-specific crashes resulting in injuries from 2010 to 2018 | CITS |
Jiang, Livingston, and Manton, 2015 [48] | Drivers, passengers, and pedestrians aged 17–39 | RBT and lowering the MLDA to 18 years in four Australian states. Gradual and heterogeneous roll-out from 1970 to 1988 (specific and general alcohol policies) | Not external, pre-intervention. No RBT and MLDA of 21 (general alcohol policy) | Annual number of age-specific crashes resulting in fatalities from 1951 to 2010 | ITS |
Jiang, Livingston, and Room, 2015 [49] | Drivers, passengers, and pedestrians aged 15 years or older | CSBL and RBT implemented in all Australian states. Gradual roll-out from 1970 to 1988 (specific alcohol policy) | Not external, pre-intervention. Alcohol policy not specified | Annual rates (per population) of age- and sex-specific crashes resulting in fatalities from 1924 to 2006 | ITS |
Mader and Zick, 2014 [50] | Non-motorists aged 15 years or older | Road-safety laws and specific alcohol policy (reduction of legal BAC to 0.8 g/l) across all USA states. As observed between 1999 to 2009 (gradual and heterogeneous roll-out) | Not external, pre-intervention. Legal BAC of 1.0 g/l (specific alcohol policy) | Annual rates (per population) of crashes resulting in fatalities from 1999 to 2009 | ITS |
Miller et al., 2004 [51] | Drivers, passengers, and pedestrians aged 15 years or older | CBT + YZTL, aggressive media campaign, and booze buses in New Zealand. Gradual and heterogeneous roll-out from 1993 to 1996 (specific alcohol policies) | Not external, pre-intervention. External for booze buses. Legal BAC of 0.8 g/l (all ages) (specific alcohol policy) | Quarterly or annual number of night-time crashes resulting in serious injuries or fatalities from 1987 to 2001 | ITS |
Nghiem et al., 2016 [52] | Drivers, passengers, and pedestrians aged 15 years or older | Various specific alcohol policies taking place in Qld., Australia (e.g., legal BAC, RBT, and YZTL). Gradual roll-out from 1968 to 2004 | Not external, pre-intervention. Alcohol policy not specified | Annual number of crashes (per vehicles registered) resulting in fatalities from 1958 to 2007 | ITS |
Notrica et al., 2020 [53] | Drivers and passengers 16 years and older | Driver-related laws, general and specific alcohol policies (e.g., MLDA and DUI penalties) across all USA states. As observed between 1999 to 2015 (gradual and heterogeneous roll-out) | Not external, pre-intervention. Alcohol policy not specified | Annual rates (per population) of age-specific crashes resulting in fatalities from 1999 to 2015 | ITS |
Pridemore et al., 2013 [54] | Drivers, passengers, and pedestrians aged 15 years or older | A comprehensive and stringent regulation on the production and sale of alcohol products in Russia (2006) (general alcohol policy) | Not external, pre-intervention. Alcohol policy not specified—likely less stringent | Monthly number of sex-specific crashes resulting in fatalities from 2000 to 2010 | ITS |
Sebego et al., 2014 [55] | Drivers, passengers, and pedestrians aged 15 years or older | Alcohol levies, increased fines and penalties for DUIA in Botswana. Gradual roll-out from 2008 to 2010 (specific and general alcohol policies) | Not external, pre-intervention. Lower fines and penalties for DUIA (specific alcohol policy) | Monthly rates (per fuel volume sales) of crashes, crashes resulting in fatalities, and single-vehicle night-time crashes resulting in fatalities from 2004 to 2011 | ITS |
Sen, 2016 [56] | Drivers, passengers, and pedestrians aged 15 years or older | Varying degrees of deregulated retail access to alcohol in three Canadian provinces (Alta., B.C., and Que.). As observed between 1998 to 2010 (general alcohol policy) | External. Largely regulated alcohol markets (i.e., government-run stores) in three Canadian provinces (Man., Ont., Sask.). As observed between 1998 to 2010 (general alcohol policy) | Annual rates (per population) of crashes resulting in injuries and fatalities from 1998 to 2010 | CITS |
Stockwell et al., 2001 [57] | Drivers, passengers, and pedestrians aged 15 years or older | Alcohol levy in NT, Australia (1992), gradually funding treatment and prevention programs (general alcohol policy) | Not external, pre-intervention. Increased enforcement of liquor laws (general alcohol policy). Minor crash injuries (control series) | Quarterly rates (per driver population) of night-time crashes resulting in serious injuries and all fatal road crashes from 1984 to 1996 | ITS |
Trolldal, 2005 [58] | Drivers, passengers, and pedestrians aged 15 years or older | Privatization of the retail sale of alcohol in Alta., Canada. Gradual roll-out from 1985 to 1994 (general alcohol policy) | External. Canada as a whole—except for Alta. Alcohol policy not specified | Annual rates (per population) of crashes resulting in fatalities from 1950 to 1998 | CITS |
Vingilis et al., 2007 [59] | Drivers, passengers, and pedestrians aged 15 years or older | Extended alcohol sales and service hours to 2 AM in Ont., Canada (1996) (general alcohol policy) | Not external, pre-intervention. Hours for alcohol sales and services up to 1 AM (general alcohol policy) | Monthly number of motor-vehicle night-time crashes resulting in injuries (trauma admissions) from 1992 to 1999 | ITS |
Voas, 2008 [60] | Drivers aged 15 years or older | Sobriety checkpoints in Charlottesville, VA, USA, during 1984 (specific alcohol policy) | Not external, pre-intervention. All crashes in Charlottesville and VA, USA (contrast measures). Alcohol policy not specified | Monthly percentages of all crashes resulting in night-time crashes from 1981 to 1984 | CITS |