| Methadone (n= 13) | Buprenorphine or Buprenorphine/Naloxone (n= 15) | Normal Comparison (n= 15) | Group comparison p-valuesa |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, mean of years at T1 (SD) | 29.2 (6.8) | 27.7 (6.8) | 28.7 (9.6) | M vs. BN, p = 0.99 |
 |  |  |  | M vs. NC, p = 0.99 |
 |  |  |  | BN vs. NC, p = 0.99 |
Sex: females/males | 7/6 | 4/11 | 8/7 | M vs. BN, p = 0.14 |
 |  |  |  | M vs. NC, p = 0.98 |
 |  |  |  | BN vs. NC, p = 0.14 |
Verbal intelligence, Meanb (SD) | 100.6 (11.4) | 99.4 (9.3) | 104.1 (9.6) | M vs. BN, p = 0.99 |
 |  |  |  | M vs. NC, p = 0.74 |
 |  |  |  | BN vs. NC, p = 0.63 |
Education, mean of years (SD) | 10.1 (1.2) | 10.5 (2.0) | 12.6 (1.3) | M vs. BN, p = 0.54 |
 |  |  |  | M < NC***, p < 0.001 |
 |  |  |  | BN < NC**, p = 0.006 |
Opioid of abuse used within last month at T1 | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Buprenorphine | 85% | 100% | - | M vs. BN, p = 0.48c |
   Heroin | 15% | 0% |  |  |
Other substances of abuse used within last month at T1 and T2 | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Alcohol (heavy use)d | 15%/15% | 13%/7% | 7%/7% | M vs. BN vs. NC (T1/T2), p = 0.99c/0.99c |
   Amphetamine | 8%/8% | 13%/7% | - | M vs. BN vs. NC (T1/T2) p = 0.99c/0.99c |
   Benzodiazepine, any Use | 100%/100% | 100%/100% | 0%/0% | M & BN > NC*** (T1/T2), p < 0.001c/p < 0.001c |
   Benzodiazepine, extra doses | 38%/38% | 42%/33% | - | M vs. BN (T1/T2), p = 0.62/p = 0.78c |
   Cannabis | 31%/31% | 40%/27% | - | M vs. BN (T1/T2), p = 0.83c/0.84c |
   Nicotine (daily use) | 100%/100% | 100%/100% | 33%/33% | M & BN > NC*** (T1/T2), p < 0.001c/p < 0.001c |
Duration of OST in the day of testing at T1, Mean of days (SD) | 21 (14) | 19 (12) | - | M vs. BN, p = 0.69 |
Duration of OST on the day of testing at T2, Mean of days (SD) | 213 (25) | 224 (17) | - | M vs. BN, p = 0.15 |
Participants with other dependence or abuse diagnosis at T1 | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Alcohol | 0% | 0% | 0% | M vs. BN vs. NC, p = 0.99c |
   Amphetamine | 0% | 0% | - | M vs. BN, p = 0.99c |
   Benzodiazepine | 100% | 100% | - | M vs. BN, p = 0.99c |
   Cannabis | 15% | 20% | - | M vs. BN, p = 0.99 |
   Nicotine | 100% | 100% | 33% | M vs. BN, p = 0.99c |
 |  |  |  | M vs. NC, p = 0.13c |
 |  |  |  | BN vs. NC, p = 0.12c |
Participants with any DSM-IV axis I diagnosis at T1 | 15% | 20% | 0% | M vs. BN, p = 0.99c |
 |  |  |  | M vs. NC, p = 0.21c |
 |  |  |  | BN vs. NC, p = 0.22c |
Participants with any personality disorder diagnosis (DSM-IV axis II) at T1 | 54% | 59% | 0% | M vs. BN, p = 0.99c |
 |  |  |  | M > NC**, p = 0.003c |
 |  |  |  | BN > NC**, p = 0.002c |
Duration of opioid abuse at T1, Mean of years (SD) | 11.4 (5.5) | 9.0 (2.9) | - | M vs. BN, p = 0.26 |
Duration of any substance abuse at T1, Mean of years (SD) | 15.0 (5.1) | 13.4 (5.2) | - | M vs. BN, p = 0.37 |